Asiaticoside induces tumour-necrosis-factor-α-mediated nitric oxide production to cure experimental visceral leishmaniasis caused by antimony-susceptible and -resistant Leishmania donovani strains.

Sodium antimony gluconate induces generation of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide via phosphoinositide 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages.

Pentavalent antimony complexes, such as sodium stibogluconate and sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), are still the first choice for chemotherapy against various forms of leishmaniasis, including visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar. Although the requirement of a somewhat functional immune system for the antileishmanial action of antimony was reported previously, the cellular and molecular mechani...

Leishmaniasis and Th2-Like Responses in Visceral IL-4 Generation: Evidence for Mixed Th1- Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity and That Correlates with Leishmania donovani of Antimonial-Sensitive and -Resistant Strains against Both Pentavalent Vaccination Induces Complete Protection Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein-11 DNA

Fucoidan cures infection with both antimony-susceptible and -resistant strains of Leishmania donovani through Th1 response and macrophage-derived oxidants.

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate and characterize the antileishmanial efficacy of fucoidan, a polyanionic sulphated polysaccharide from brown algae, in experimental infections of BALB/c mice with antimony-susceptible (AG83) and -resistant (GE18ER) Leishmania donovani. METHODS The effect of fucoidan was assessed against intracellular parasites in cultured macrophages and in sup...

Antimony-resistant clinical isolates of Leishmania donovani are susceptible to paromomycin and sitamaquine.

Widespread antimonial resistance in anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) makes it critical to monitor the susceptibility of prevailing field isolates to upcoming antileishmanials in order to frame the right treatment policies to protect these drugs against development of resistance. We aimed to generate the baseline data on natural in vitro susceptibility to paromomycin and sitamaquine in ...

Immunomodulatory role of interleukin-10 in visceral leishmaniasis: defective activation of protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction events.

Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite, challenges host defense mechanisms by impairing the signal transduction of macrophages. In this study we investigated whether interleukin-10 (IL-10)-mediated alteration of signaling events in a murine model of visceral leishmaniasis is associated with macrophage deactivation. Primary in vitro cultures of macrophages infected with leishma...